10 Best Water Heater Mixing Valves for Enhanced Temperature Control and Safety

For enhanced temperature control and safety, consider the Watts Thermostatic Mixing Valve, which offers adjustable settings from 80 to 120°F, ensuring precise regulation. The 3/4 inch Sweat Union TMV provides scald protection and compatibility with various plumbing systems. The Cash Acme Tank Booster Model 24409 features easy push-to-connect installation and prevents scalding by regulating temperatures up to 140°F. Selecting the ideal valve involves weighing material durability, installation ease, and temperature range, so you’ll find options to meet your needs effectively.

Key Takeaways

• High-quality valves like the Watts and Cash Acme models offer adjustable temperature settings for enhanced scald protection and safety.
• Many mixing valves support tool-free installation, ensuring compatibility with various plumbing systems, including SharkBite and PEX.
• Durable materials, such as lead-free brass and copper silicon alloy, ensure longevity and reliable performance in plumbing applications.
• Enhanced temperature regulation features across models maintain safe water temperatures, typically around 120°F, to minimize burn risks effectively.
• Flow rates of 12 to 13 GPM ensure sufficient tempered water delivery for multiple fixtures, maintaining consistent pressure and temperature.

Watts Thermostatic Mixing Valve (LFMMV-M1-UT)

Watts - LFMMV-M1-UT - 3/4 Union Inlet Type Thermostatic Mixing Valve,No Lead Copper Silicon Alloy...

• Thermostat controls both hot and cold water
• Adjustment cap with locking feature
• Integral filter washers and check valves

View Lastest Price

If you’re looking for a reliable solution to provide tempered water for your home or business, the Watts Thermostatic Mixing Valve (LFMMV-M1-UT) stands out with its advanced thermal actuation technology, which guarantees precise temperature control that can adjust between 80 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit (27 to 49 degrees Celsius). This valve, made from lead-free copper silicon alloy, offers a flow rate of 13 gallons per minute. Its robust design includes integral filter washers and check valves, ensuring efficiency. With a maximum pressure rating of 150 PSI, and a locking mechanism for secured temperature settings, it’s ideal for residential or commercial installations.

Best For: Those seeking a reliable and efficient solution for providing tempered water in residential, commercial, or institutional settings.

Pros:

• High flow rate of 13 gallons per minute, suitable for various applications.
• Adjustable temperature range from 80 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, catering to different user preferences.
• Constructed from lead-free brass for safety and durability.

Cons:

• Requires professional installation, which may incur additional costs.
• Dimensions may not fit all plumbing setups, necessitating careful measurements prior to purchase.
• Limited temperature range might not satisfy all user needs for specific applications.

3/4 inch Sweat Union Type Thermostatic Mixing Valve (TMV) with Water Temperature Control

AZK GLOBAL 3/4 inch Sweat Union Type Thermostatic Mixing Valve (TMV) with precise water temperature...

• Certified & Durable: Lead-free brass body meets ASSE 1070, ASSE 1017, UPC, and NSF standards with 150 PSI rating.
• Advanced Safety: Scald protection and thermal actuator ensure rapid response and stable 80°–120°F output.
• High-Flow Efficiency: Supports up to 12 GPM for multiple fixtures; ideal for showers, baths, sinks, and lavatories.

View Lastest Price

The 3/4 inch Sweat Union Type Thermostatic Mixing Valve (TMV) with water temperature control is an excellent choice for homeowners and contractors who require precise management of hot water temperatures in residential and commercial settings. This reliable valve, made from a lead-free brass body, offers both safety and performance, with scald protection guaranteeing stable output between 80°–120°F, even when handling hot water supplies up to 180°F. It features a high flow rate of 12 GPM, making it ideal for multiple fixtures. Installation is simple with ¾ Sweat Union connections, while certified compliance assures adherence to various regulatory standards, providing peace of mind.

Best For: Homeowners and contractors seeking precise hot water temperature control in residential and commercial installations.

Pros:

• Lead-free brass construction ensures safety and compliance with health standards.
• High flow rate of 12 GPM supports multiple fixtures, making it efficient for larger installations.
• Scald protection feature provides stable temperature output, enhancing user safety.

Cons:

• Requires soldered installation which may not be suitable for all DIY enthusiasts.
• Limited to a maximum operating pressure of 150 PSI, which might restrict some high-pressure applications.
• Warranty is only for 30 days, which may be shorter than competitors offer.

Cash Acme Tank Booster Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve (Model 24409)

Cash Acme 3/4 Inch Tank Booster Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Corrugated Hose, PEX...

• HOT WATER TANK BOOSTER: Water heater booster with temperature actuated mixing valve mixes hot water with cold to deliver tempered water at a controlled temperature; works...
• PROVIDES SAFE TEMPERATURE: Water heater booster helps to prevent injury from scalding when showering, bathing, or washing by regulating the temperature output to...
• EASY TO INSTALL: Anti scald mixing valve features innovative push to connect technology to allow for easy installation with PEX pipe, PE-RT, CPVC, and copper; no...

View Lastest Price

For homeowners seeking an efficient and safe way to regulate water temperature in their heating systems, the Cash Acme Tank Booster Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve (Model 24409) stands out as a reliable choice. This valve combines hot and cold water, ensuring a controlled output at a maximum of 120°F (49°C), adjustable up to 140°F (60°C) to reduce scalding risk while preventing bacteria growth. It’s compatible with gas, electric, and tankless water heaters, and the easy installation with push-to-connect technology eliminates the need for soldering or crimping. Made from lead-free DZR brass, it meets multiple certification standards for enhanced safety.

Best For: Homeowners looking for a safe and efficient solution to regulate water temperature in their heating systems.

Pros:

• Easy installation with push-to-connect technology, requiring no soldering or crimping.
• Thermostatic mixing prevents scalding and helps to eliminate the risk of bacteria growth.
• Compatible with various types of water heaters, enhancing versatility.

Cons:

• Customer rating of 3.8 out of 5 suggests mixed reviews on performance.
• Slightly bulkier dimensions may limit placement options in smaller spaces.
• Requires regular adjustment to maintain the desired temperature settings.

Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Temperature Gauge

Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Temperature Gauge and Flexible Connector (Braided)

• [PROS CHOICE] Trusted brand by plumbing professionals for almost 20 years in the US, HPS proudly introduces Easyflex Water Heater Thermostaic Mixing Valve Kit.
• [ENSURES SAFE WATER TEMPERATURES] The Easyflex Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve Kit safeguards against scalding by maintaining the water temperature at a safe...
• [LEAD-FREE CONSTRUCTION] Engineered with lead-free components, the Easyflex Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve Kit ensures safe, clean water for your household...

View Lastest Price

Choosing the Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Temperature Gauge is an excellent option for homeowners seeking enhanced safety and convenience in their plumbing system. This valve, manufactured by Easyflex, features durable lead-free brass construction and a corrosion-resistant stainless steel flexible connector. It maintains water temperatures at a safe 120°F (49°C) to prevent scalding, and the built-in temperature gauge allows for easy monitoring. Weighing 3.75 pounds and measuring 9 x 9 x 2 inches, it installs quickly with versatile compatibility for residential and commercial systems. Plus, it meets all necessary safety standards, ensuring clean, safe water for your home.

Best For: Homeowners and professionals seeking a reliable and safe water temperature control solution.

Pros:

• Safe Temperature Regulation: Maintains water temperature at a safe 120°F (49°C) to prevent scalding.
• Lead-Free Construction: Ensures clean and safe water, complying with rigorous safety standards.
• Easy Installation: Features flexible stainless steel connectors for quick and versatile installation.

Cons:

• Weight: At 3.75 pounds, may be heavier than some alternative options.
• Size: Measuring 9 x 9 x 2 inches, could be challenging to fit in tight spaces.
• Availability: May not be immediately available in all retail locations.

Cash Acme Thermostatic Mixing Valve (24505)

Cash Acme 3/4 Inch HG110-D Thermostatic Mixing Valve with SharkBite Union Connections, Brass...

• CASH ACME THERMOSTATIC MIXING VALVE: This Cash Acme Thermostatic Mixing Valve mixes hot water with cold to deliver tempered water at a controlled and safe temperature of...
• COMPATIBILITY: This mixing valve is compatible with SharkBite copper tubing, CTS, CPVC, SDR-9 HDPE, and PEX fittings
• DURABLE AND HIGH QUALITY: Mixing valves are composed of durable lead-free brass for long-lasting reliability

View Lastest Price

Offering a balanced blend of safety and versatility, the Cash Acme Thermostatic Mixing Valve (24505) is an excellent choice for homeowners looking to confirm their water is delivered at a safe, controlled temperature. Specifically designed to provide tempered water, this valve comes factory-set at 120 degrees Fahrenheit but is adjustable from 85 to 130 degrees Fahrenheit, effectively eliminating scalding risks. Its compatibility with various plumbing systems, including SharkBite, PEX, and lead-free brass construction, guarantees long-lasting reliability. Plus, the innovative design allows for quick installation without tools, enabling efficient setup and easy removal using disconnect clips or tongs, catering to diverse plumbing needs.

Best For: Homeowners seeking a reliable and safe solution for delivering tempered water at controlled temperatures.

Pros:

• Versatile compatibility with various plumbing systems including SharkBite, PEX, and more.
• User-friendly installation process that requires no tools, making setup quick and efficient.
• Safety features that help prevent scalding by maintaining a controlled water temperature.

Cons:

• Adjustability range of 85 to 130 degrees F may not meet all temperature needs for specific applications.
• May require regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
• Initial cost might be higher compared to basic mixing valves without temperature control features.

Cash Acme Sweat Thermostatic Mixing Valve (24502)

Cash Acme 3/4 Inch HG110-D Sweat Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Barb Connections and Integral...

• CASH ACME THERMOSTATIC MIXING VALVE: This triple-listed thermostatic mixing valve delivers water at a safe 120 degrees F or lower from all outlets, while allowing the...
• COMPATIBILITY: This mixing valve is compatible with SharkBite copper tubing, CTS, CPVC, SDR-9 HDPE, and PEX fittings
• DURABLE AND HIGH QUALITY: Mixing valves are composed of durable lead-free brass for long-lasting reliability

View Lastest Price

The Cash Acme Sweat Thermostatic Mixing Valve (24502) stands out as an ideal choice for homeowners seeking a reliable solution to maintain safe water temperatures in their plumbing systems. This 3/4-inch valve is crafted from durable, lead-free brass, ensuring long-lasting performance. It delivers water at a safe temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit or lower, even allowing water heater settings of 140 degrees Fahrenheit and higher. The adjustable outlet temperature ranges from 85 to 130 degrees Fahrenheit, effectively preventing scalding. Installation is quick and hassle-free – no tools or soldering required. It’s compatible with various tubing types, making it versatile for your plumbing needs.

Best For: Homeowners seeking a reliable and safe solution to regulate water temperatures in their plumbing systems.

Pros:

• Adjustable outlet temperature prevents scalding by allowing a range from 85 to 130 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Durable lead-free brass construction ensures longevity and reliability in performance.
• Easy installation requires no tools, crimping, glue, or soldering.

Cons:

• Limited to a maximum temperature of 130 degrees Fahrenheit, which may not be sufficient for some applications.
• Compatibility may vary with certain non-standard tubing types, potentially limiting usage.
• Initial cost may be higher compared to basic mixing valves on the market.

Cash Acme 3/4 Inch HG110 Crimp Thermostatic Mixing Valve

Cash Acme 3/4 Inch HG110 Crimp Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Barb Connections and Integral Checks...

• CASH ACME THERMOSTATIC MIXING VALVE: This triple-listed thermostatic mixing valve delivers water at a safe 120 degrees F or lower from all outlets, while allowing the...
• COMPATIBILITY: This mixing valve is compatible with SharkBite copper tubing, CTS, CPVC, SDR-9 HDPE, and PEX fittings
• DURABLE AND HIGH QUALITY: Mixing valves are composed of durable lead-free brass for long-lasting reliability

View Lastest Price

For homeowners seeking a reliable and safe solution for hot water distribution, the Cash Acme 3/4 Inch HG110 Crimp Thermostatic Mixing Valve stands out due to its ability to deliver water at a comfortable and secure temperature of 120°F or lower, even when the water heater setting exceeds 140°F. This valve features an adjustable outlet temperature range from 85°F to 130°F, effectively preventing scalding. Compatible with various piping systems, installation is tool-free, requiring no crimping, glue, or soldering. Constructed from durable lead-free brass, it boasts a bronze finish and meets several industry standards, ensuring longevity and performance in your plumbing system.

Best For: Homeowners looking for a safe and reliable solution to control hot water temperatures and prevent scalding.

Pros:

• Adjustable temperature range allows customization from 85°F to 130°F, offering flexibility for user comfort.
• Tool-free installation simplifies the process, saving time and effort without the need for crimping, glue, or soldering.
• Durable lead-free brass construction ensures long-lasting reliability and meets various industry safety standards.

Cons:

• Limited to a maximum outlet temperature of 130°F, which may not meet the preferences of some users who prefer hotter water.
• Some users may require additional fittings for compatibility with certain older plumbing systems, potentially increasing installation complexity.
• Weight of 1.86 pounds might make it slightly bulkier compared to some alternatives, impacting handling during installation.

90029 Mixing Valve for Atwood XT Series Water Heater

90029 Mixing Valve Compatible With Atwood XT Series Water Heater, For 10 Gallon Models G16EXT...

• APPLCATION: This 90029 mixing valve fits for all Atwood XT series water heaters. This is the 10 gallon water heater replacement mixing valve kit, for Atwood water Heaters...
• FUNCTION: Replace the old, bad mixing valve that gets clogged up easily from hard water. This mixing valve combines ambient temperature water with hot water from your...
• FEATURES: Reduces weight while installing the same cut-out dimensions of other Atwood water heaters. Preconfigured freeze bypass kit, tee fittings, with blocked screens...

View Lastest Price

If you’re looking to enhance the efficiency of your Atwood XT Series Water Heater, the 90029 Mixing Valve is an excellent choice due to its robust design, which effectively addresses the common issue of clogged valves caused by hard water. This valve fits various 10-gallon models, such as G16EXT and GEH16EXT, making it a direct replacement for your old mixing valve. Its lightweight, high-quality copper construction guarantees durability and corrosion resistance, with dimensions of 4.92 x 3.31 x 3.15 inches. Featuring check valves and a preconfigured freeze bypass kit, it delivers a consistently safe and comfortable water temperature.

Best For: Homeowners and RV enthusiasts with Atwood XT Series Water Heaters looking to replace clogged mixing valves for better efficiency and water temperature control.

Pros:

• Durable construction from high-quality copper, ensuring resistance to corrosion and high temperatures.
• Lightweight design reducing installation strain while maintaining compatibility with existing water heater dimensions.
• Includes essential components like check valves and a preconfigured freeze bypass kit for improved functionality and safety.

Cons:

• Limited compatibility as it only fits specific Atwood 10-gallon models, which may not suit other brands or sizes.
• Requires plumbing knowledge for installation, potentially leading to additional costs if professional help is needed.
• Potential for shortages if supply issues arise, given its ranking in best sellers.

Cash Acme 1/2 Inch HG110 Crimp Thermostatic Mixing Valve

Cash Acme 1/2 Inch HG110 Crimp Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Barb Connections and Integral Checks...

• CASH ACME THERMOSTATIC MIXING VALVE: This triple-listed thermostatic mixing valve delivers water at a safe 120 degrees F or lower from all outlets, while allowing the...
• COMPATIBILITY: This mixing valve is compatible with SharkBite copper tubing, CTS, CPVC, SDR-9 HDPE, and PEX fittings
• DURABLE AND HIGH QUALITY: Mixing valves are composed of durable lead-free brass for long-lasting reliability

View Lastest Price

Equipped with innovative features, the Cash Acme 1/2 Inch HG110 Crimp Thermostatic Mixing Valve stands out as an ideal choice for homeowners seeking safe and efficient water temperature control. This valve delivers water at a maximum temperature of 120°F from all outlets, allowing you to set your water heater at 140°F or higher. Constructed from durable, lead-free brass, it guarantees long-lasting reliability while being compatible with various connections like SharkBite and PEX. Installation is quick and tool-free, requiring only a disconnect clip for removal, making it a practical solution for enhancing safety and efficiency in your home plumbing system.

Best For: Homeowners seeking safe and efficient water temperature control while reducing the risk of scalding.

Pros:

• Quick and tool-free installation, making it easy to integrate into existing plumbing systems.
• Made from durable, lead-free brass for long-lasting reliability.
• Adjustable outlet temperature settings from 85°F to 130°F for user convenience.

Cons:

• The factory set maximum temperature may not satisfy all user preferences.
• Removal requires a specific disconnect clip or tongs, which may not be included with the product.
• Compatibility is limited to certain types of plumbing connections, which may restrict usage in some homes.

3/4 Inch Tank Booster Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve

3/4 Inch Tank Booster Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve with Corrugated Hose and temperature...

• TEMPERATURE CONTROL BOOSTER: Automatically mixes hot and cold water to deliver consistent, tempered water. Compatible with gas, power vent, electric, and tankless water...
• SAFETY TEMPERATURE REGULATION: Helps prevent scalding during showers, baths, or washing by maintaining water output at 95°F (35°C). Can be adjusted up to 120°F...
• EASY TO PUSH-TO-CONNECT INSTALLATION: Features a user-friendly design that works with PEX, PE-RT, CPVC, and copper pipes. No need for soldering, glue, or crimping.

View Lastest Price

The 3/4 Inch Tank Booster Water Heater Thermostatic Mixing Valve stands out as an ideal choice for homeowners seeking efficient and reliable temperature control in their hot water systems. It includes a corrugated hose and temperature gauge, ensuring compatibility with PEX, PE-RT, CPVC, and copper pipes. This valve automatically mixes hot and cold water, maintaining output at a safe 95°F (35°C) to prevent scalding, with adjustable settings up to 120°F (49°C). Installation is simplified through a push-to-connect design that eliminates the need for soldering, glue, or crimping, while its durable DZR brass construction promises long-lasting performance and safety.

Best For: Homeowners looking for efficient and reliable temperature control in their hot water systems.

Pros:

• Automatically maintains safe water temperatures, reducing the risk of scalding.
• Easy installation with a push-to-connect design, no special tools required.
• Durable DZR brass construction ensures long-lasting performance.

Cons:

• Adjustable maximum temperature may not suffice for all user preferences.
• Initial cost may be higher compared to basic mixing valves.
• Requires compatibility with specific pipe types, limiting installation options.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Water Heater Mixing Valve

When choosing a water heater mixing valve, it’s essential to contemplate factors like temperature control range, installation ease, material durability, flow rate efficiency, and system compatibility. You’ll want a valve that not only meets your specific temperature needs but also integrates smoothly with your existing plumbing. Opting for a durable material guarantees safety and longevity, while a suitable flow rate can enhance efficiency throughout your home.

Temperature Control Range

Selecting a water heater mixing valve involves careful consideration of its temperature control range, which is vital for maintaining both safety and comfort in your home. Typically, these valves are adjustable between 80°F and 140°F, effectively preventing scalding while promoting efficient heating. Most thermostatic mixing valves maintain a stable output of around 120°F, an ideal temperature to minimize burn risks. If you prefer more flexibility, look for models with wider ranges, allowing settings as low as 85°F or up to 130°F. Advanced thermal actuation technology enhances precise temperature regulation, ensuring consistent performance. Don’t forget that regular maintenance is essential, as mineral build-up can hinder temperature accuracy and elevate the risks of scalding, impacting your overall experience.

Installation Method Ease

Choosing a water heater mixing valve involves understanding the installation methods, as this can considerably impact your overall experience and project timeline. Some valves feature push-to-connect designs that allow for easy, quick setups without the need for soldering, glue, or crimping. Alternatively, sweat union connections typically require soldering, demanding specific plumbing skills and tools, which could delay your project. Models with tool-free installations, using crimp and disconnect clips, can considerably streamline the process, especially for DIY enthusiasts. Most modern mixing valves are compatible with various pipe materials, enhancing flexibility. Clear installation instructions, along with connections like barb or threaded fittings, make it simpler to install across different plumbing systems, ultimately saving you time and effort.

Material Durability and Safety

Material durability and safety are essential considerations when you’re evaluating water heater mixing valves, as the right choice can significantly impact your home’s plumbing system and overall water quality. Opt for valves constructed from lead-free materials like DZR brass or copper silicon alloy, which guarantee safe and quality water. Durability matters, too; many valves are rated for up to 150 PSI, designed to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Look for those meeting safety certifications such as ASSE 1017, ASSE 1070, and NSF standards, indicating compliance with regulated safety criteria. Additionally, corrosion-resistant materials help extend the valve’s lifespan while preventing failures from mineral buildup. A reliable thermal regulator further enhances safety by maintaining consistent water temperature and preventing scalding.

Flow Rate Efficiency

Understanding flow rate efficiency is pivotal when evaluating water heater mixing valves, especially since it directly influences how comfortably you experience hot water in your home. The flow rate efficiency of thermostatic mixing valves is measured in gallons per minute (GPM), with ideal models offering rates between 12 to 13 GPM, capable of supporting multiple fixtures at once. A higher flow rate guarantees sufficient tempered water reaches all connected appliances, reducing wait times and enhancing comfort during peak usage. Typically, standard residential valves are designed with a 3/4 inch size to meet demand effectively. Choosing a mixing valve with the right flow rate keeps water pressure steady and output temperatures consistent, greatly boosting scald protection in high-demand situations.

Compatibility With Plumbing Systems

Before you purchase a water heater mixing valve, it’s vital to verify its compatibility with your existing plumbing system, as this will greatly impact installation and functional efficiency. First, check the connection types you have, such as SharkBite, CPVC, or PEX, to guarantee a smooth fit. Additionally, confirm the inlet and outlet sizes, typically ranging from 1/2 inch to 3/4 inch, matching your water heater’s specifications. When evaluating installation methods, consider whether you prefer push-to-connect designs for easier setups or traditional soldered connections that may require professional help. It’s also essential to select valves that meet safety standards like ASSE 1017, confirming compatibility without compromising safety, while reviewing your specific water heater type for maximum performance.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Do Mixing Valves Enhance Water Temperature Safety?

Mixing valves enhance water temperature safety by blending hot water with cold, preventing scalding risks during use. They typically maintain outlet temperatures between 120°F and 140°F, ensuring safe, comfortable water for showers or taps. Installing one involves placing it on the hot water line near the heater, and they’re often made from brass or stainless steel for durability. Regular maintenance can help sustain performance, making them essential for safe household water usage.

Can I Install a Mixing Valve Myself?

Yes, you can install a mixing valve yourself, but it requires some plumbing skills. First, turn off the water supply and drain your water heater. Use standard tools like wrenches and pipe cutters, and make certain you’re using a valve made from durable materials, typically brass or stainless steel. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for precise measurements and proper connections. Though it’s feasible, consider if the complexity warrants a professional’s expertise to prevent future issues.

What Maintenance Is Required for Mixing Valves?

You’ll need to perform regular maintenance on your mixing valves to guarantee peak performance. Start by checking for leaks at the joints and connections; verify fittings are secure. Next, clean the valve body and screens to prevent clogs, using a soft brush if necessary. Inspect the temperature readings regularly, adjusting settings as needed for safety, and consider replacing worn washers or seals. Overall, consistency in maintenance helps prolong the valve’s lifespan.

Are Mixing Valves Compatible With All Water Heaters?

Mixing valves aren’t universally compatible with all water heaters; compatibility often depends on your specific model’s design and water temperature requirements. For instance, some valves operate best with tankless systems, while others suit traditional tank heaters. You should check your heater’s manual for specifications regarding ideal pressure and temperature ranges. If you’re unsure, consulting a professional installer can help you find the right valve, ensuring safety and efficiency in your setup.

How Can I Tell if My Mixing Valve Is Malfunctioning?

To tell if your mixing valve is malfunctioning, check for inconsistent water temperatures, unusual noises, or leaks around the valve. You should also measure the water temperature at various fixtures; significant variations could indicate a problem. If the valve feels excessively hot or cold, it may not properly regulate the water mix. Always inspect and clean the valve’s components for debris, as this can impede function, necessitating adjustments or replacement.